Word: europeanization
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...American produce for needed armaments. Current chairman of the committee is English-born Philadelphia Merchant Robert Morris, 42, and the committee's contract has been assigned to his own trading house of Willing & Morris. The committee offers American tobacco, lumber, rice, flour and other products in exchange for European gunpowder and other war supplies. The northern colonies usually ship their goods directly to European ports, principally Amsterdam, Nantes and Bilbao; the southern colonies make their exchanges through Dutch, Spanish and French ports in the West Indies...
...done simply by printing more paper money, but since Congress has no right to levy taxes, the money it prints is backed by nothing more than a promise to pay off in specie eventually. Many people are skeptical of that promise and rely on a wide variety of European coins for their everyday needs. They accept the proliferating dollars only at a discount...
...soon get higher returns. Merchants who can procure scarce products are making bigger profits than ever before. One Massachusetts merchant who owns several privateers reports that profits of 100 percent on sugar and 150 percent on linen and paper are "more than common." Jonas Philipps of Philadelphia says that European goods command a profit of 400 percent there...
...European cities with similar problems have tried for years to build water systems powered by horses, paddle wheels or even windmills, but they have usually proved inadequate. Boston and Philadelphia still depend on a random collection of pumps and wells, and only the small Moravian settlement of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, can boast an efficient system, which pumps spring water to a hilltop reservoir and then uses gravity to pipe it down through the town...
...Army, which raised 200,000 men only 15 years ago in the war against France, is trying to recruit 55,000 to conquer the Americans, who are thought to be no match for well-trained European troops. Reflecting a general sentiment, the Earl of Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty, says that the Americans are "raw, undisciplined, cowardly men." For lack of volunteers to fight what many consider a civil war, however, the government has turned abroad, first, and in vain, to Russia, then to Britain's traditional allies in northern Germany. Nearly 18,000 mercenaries were hired earlier...