Word: europeanization
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...U.S.S.R. and its East European allies buy three-fourths of Cuba's sugar for about 400 per lb., vs. a world price of 90. In return, the Soviets sell Cuba nearly all the oil it burns, at $14 per bbl., about one-third below the world price The Soviets and the Eastern bloc also buy most of Cuba's nickel, its other major export, at prices about 50% higher than world levels, and fund most of Cuba's industrial development. Projects financed by the U.S.S.R. supply 30% of all Cuba's electricity, 95% of its steel...
Kissinger's warning was echoed two days later, when the West German government issued a White Paper on European defense. It argued that the strength of the Warsaw Pact's conventional forces, compared with NATO'S, is continuing to expand, and that there is a "growing disparity" between the Soviet deployment of intermediate-range nuclear weapons not covered by the proposed SALT II treaty and the laggard Western development of comparable arms. The White Paper declared further that the Warsaw Pact armies appear to be geared primarily for attack rather than defense...
Ultimately, most conference participants agreed that the slipping balance of Western European defense must be redressed before it is too late, even at the expense of domestic spending programs. If any consensus emerged, it was that voters in NATO countries on both sides of the Atlantic must prepare for a period of costly defense buildup, even if it comes in an economic era when they can least afford...
...European rebuttals to Kissinger's alarm bell demonstrated how strategic worries continue to look different from each side of the Atlantic. "We never thought you [the U.S.] reached to the sky," countered British Political Economist Andrew Shonfield. "And the fact that you now recognize that you don't, and that you also look back nostalgically to the moment you thought that you did, impresses you perhaps more than it impresses us." Added British Strategic Expert Laurence Martin: "I would prefer to say not that deterrence has collapsed, but that certain illusions which were perhaps justified in the days...
...Kissinger's intention to goad the Europeans and fuel new debate about defense on the Continent, he appeared to have succeeded. For one thing, Washington has been trying to overcome the reluctance of Western European countries to deploy long-range Pershing II and cruise missiles on their soil; so far only Britain and West Germany have accepted in principle. For another, the U.S. would like to ensure that all countries of Western Europe match its own new defense expenditures, currently set at a 3% military budget increase...