Word: europeanization
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...successfully to preserve its ideological integrity in the face of Mongol invaders, Western Crusaders and, more recently, Western imperialists. But by the end of World War I, the Ottoman Empire had been dismembered and large portions of it brought under the domination of the colonizing nations of Christian Europe. European rule demonstrated how important it was for Islam to exercise temporal as well as spiritual power. At its nadir, in all the Arab world, only Yemen and Saudi Arabia, poor and backward, were nominally independent. Iran, Afghanistan and secularized Turkey, where Kemal Ataturk had disestablished Islam as his country...
...resurgence of the Islamic world began with the end of World War II, when the war-weary European powers saw their colonial empires collapse one by one. Strong nationalist leaders who were also Muslims, like Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, rose to power; by the early '60s there was a belt of independent, predominantly Islamic states stretching from Morocco to Indonesia. For Muslims of the Middle East, one event in the past decade stands out as a modern landmark in the history of the faith. On the afternoon of Oct. 6, 1973, the cry of "Allahu Akbar!" (God is great...
Early Christian polemicists against Islam used the Prophet's human person as their butt, accusing him of whoring, sedition, charlatanry. As writing about Islam and the Orient burgeoned-60,000 books between 1800 and 1950-European powers occupied large swatches of "Islamic" territory, arguing that since Orientals knew nothing about democracy and were essentially passive, it was the "civilizing mission" of the Occident, expressed in the strict programs of despotic modernization, to finally transform the Orient into a nice replica of the West. Even Marx seems to have believed this...
...Europa Abend" or European Evening was the novel finale for the national convention of West Germany's Christian Democratic Union in Kiel. First the politicians routinely re-elected Helmut Kohl party chairman, despite grumbles that Kohl will be no match for Social Democratic Chancellor Helmut Schmidt in next year's elections. After that, to stir support for C.D.U. candidates in upcoming European Parliament elections, a novel buffet of dishes from other European Community nations: smoked salmon from Denmark, Netherlands herring, Italian wine and, Gott im Himmel, the French dish-or dishes-three dancers who pranced about onstage wearing...
Levenson was born in Boston in 1920. After a stint at Boston Latin, he entered Harvard in 1937, majoring in European history. The war sent him to Japanese language school, and eventually to Japan itself, but when he returned to Harvard in 1946 Levenson turned to China, the country that held his concern for the rest of his life, earning a Ph.D. in 1949. Looking back on this choice, Levenson said in 1968, "In Chinese history there were big open spaces and the promise of a road that went the long way home...The interest in China is an interest...