Word: europeanization
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...with many battles that have long since been won, it is hard now to realize how near the delegates came to failure, an event that might have led to the breakdown of the fledgling confederation, even to the reappearance of European forces eager to recapture their lost lands. Bells rang and cannons fired for the public celebration of July 4, when many of these same men had met in this same statehouse to proclaim the Declaration of Independence eleven years earlier. But the secret debates, Washington wrote to Hamilton, "are now, if possible, in a worse train than ever...
...framers, determined never to give one man the authority of the European kings of their day to commit the nation to battle, gave Congress sole power to declare war. But they recognized that unity of command was essential, and so made the President Commander in Chief, thus giving him at least potential authority to order troops into situations where war might become inevitable. As early as 1801, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton were disputing the division of power. President Jefferson told Congress that without a declaration of war, he could order only defensive action, even against enemy attack. No, said...
...Copley everywhere, a colonial Williamsburg stretching from tidewater Virginia to the Long Wharf in Boston. Of course, neither life nor art was like that. To understand the culture of early republican America, one has to begin with a tiny society scattered along the eastern side of a continent no European had yet crossed, consisting of fewer than 4 million people. They were cut off from one another, from Europe and from the world, and communications over distance were so poor that the fact that the Revolution could have been organized at all was little less than a miracle...
...Waldheim's first official trip outside Austria since his election in June 1986. His European neighbors had shunned him, and the U.S. has barred | visits by the former United Nations Secretary-General because of allegations that he was an accomplice to Nazi war crimes and knew of the 1944 deportation of 40,000 Greek Jews to death camps. Waldheim has denied the charges. Papal aides insisted that Austria had pressed hard for the visit. Said Vatican Spokesman Joaquin Navarro-Valls: "Because ((Waldheim)) represents Austria, he has the right to be received...
...Group: "Some cut a couple of days off the trip or look for special deals to save money." Catering to the bargain hunters, the New York City-based Inter- Continental hotel chain plans to slash rates by up to 60% next week at 30 of its hotels in 23 European cities and guarantee the prices in dollars. While they are in Europe, Americans seem to be paying closer attention than usual to such expenses as food, entertainment and gifts, which can often add up to half the total cost of the trip. Says Carolyn Bartkus, 22, a Houston homemaker...