Word: europeanization
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...director, never trained to work with books, makes daily judgments based on arcane facts, such as knowing that European printers between 1860 and World War II used acidic paper. Books made of that paper, which decays quickly, now must be photographed on microfilm to be preserved...
History 1a, "Western Societies, Politics and Cultures," marks the first time since the late 1960s that Harvard has offered an introductory survey course in European civilization and it attempts to cover Europe from ancient Greece to the English revolution...
...week history was made amid the flutter of colorful balloons, the sputtering of rattletrap Trabants and Wartburgs and -- pop! -- the burst of champagne corks. It was the Great Trek Westward, and as East Germans headed for new lives in West Germany, the world witnessed a unique spectacle: an East European country defying its Warsaw Pact brethren and openly collaborating with the West to aid and abet refugees in their flight to freedom...
...truth, it was the Soviet Union that was in a very difficult and very unusual situation. Hungary, along with Poland, is the most enthusiastic East- bloc supporter of Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms. Moreover, Gorbachev has pledged noninterference in East European affairs. At the same time, Gorbachev does not want to preside over the collapse of the Warsaw Pact. Moscow's unease may in part explain the arrival of Soviet Politburo Member Yegor Ligachev in East Berlin last week. Moscow said the trip was long planned, but there was little doubt that the presence of Ligachev, a hard-liner known...
Clearly, most of the new flood of refugees are not compelled westward by economic distress. True, the consumer offerings in West Germany far outstrip what is available back home, but East Germany enjoys the best living standard of any East European country. Most of the refugees, however, define a better life in terms that cannot be measured in deutsche marks. Of those polled, almost three-quarters said they were driven by the lack of freedom of expression and travel. Almost as many said they wanted more personal responsibility for their own destiny. As Heide Zitzmann, 37, a schoolteacher, summed...