Word: europeanization
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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Before the papacy gained control of the appointment process many centuries ago, bishops were elected by the local clergy and laity. A vestige of the older practice remains in a number of European cities, where panels of leading clergymen, known as cathedral chapters, still have an important role in choosing bishops. The bitterest recent conflicts have involved disagreements between these bodies and the Vatican...
...invitation, arguing that under Mikhail Gorbachev the Soviets are steadily improving their human-rights record by releasing political prisoners, allowing greater Jewish emigration, and ending the jamming of Western radio broadcasts. By joining the session, the Administration hopes to win Soviet agreement to close out a conference on European security and cooperation in Vienna, providing Reagan with a final foreign policy victory. That would, in turn, allow Bush to begin substantive new talks aimed at reducing NATO and Warsaw Pact conventional forces...
Traditionally, presidents, freed from electoral considerations, have used their farewell addresses to try to steer the nation on a specific course or openly warn it about problems that they see as particularly important. In the first farewell address, George Washington warned the nation not to involve itself in entangling European alliances. Americans took these words so seriously that isolationists cited them decades afterwards...
America may be in the midst of a long-term decline, not because of the Europeans' failure to pay for "their share" of NATO's defense or because of protective measures by the Japanese government, but because it refuses to promote national savings and encourage investment. Instead of blaming Japan for our inability to compete abroad or accusing our European allies of being responsible for our deficits, the United States should realize that it cannot continue to pursue such reckless, consumption-oriented fiscal policies in the years to come and that it must reinvest in job training, education, and research...
...take pride in the quality of its steaks, but the Europeans have turned up their noses at American beef. The result could be a full-fledged food fight. Starting Jan. 1, the European Community will ban U.S. meat that has been treated with growth hormones. The rule applies to virtually all U.S. beef exports to the E.C., worth about $100 million a year. In retaliation, the Reagan Administration is slapping 100% tariffs on $100 million worth of annual food imports from Europe, including Danish hams, Italian canned tomatoes and West German instant coffee...