Word: europeanization
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier may have dreamed up modernist architecture in Europe during the 1920s, but it took architects of the next generation, working in the wide-open, up-and-at-'em Western hemisphere, to make European functionalism a ubiquitous International Style during the 1950s and '60s. Two of the most fluent and influential New World apostles were the U.S.'s Gordon Bunshaft and Brazil's Oscar Niemeyer. This week in Chicago the two unrepentant old modernists will share the tenth annual Pritzker Architecture Prize. The Pritzker is by far the field's most prestigious award...
...past few months alone, dozens of new immune discoveries and promising therapies have been reported. Researchers announced in March that by activating certain immune cells, they had increased by 20% the five-year survival rate of patients in the early stages of lung cancer. In the same month, European scientists reported eliminating the need for insulin shots in some diabetic children by administering a drug that suppresses the immune system. Researchers in Colombia have tested a malaria vaccine that, unlike previous efforts, seems to provide protection against the disease. Advances have come so fast, says Dana-Farber's Benacerraf, that...
...U.D.F. was wrangling over what position it should take toward the new government. Outgoing Culture Minister Francois Leotard flatly criticized it, though he refrained from recommending a censure vote. Former President Valery Giscard d'Estaing spoke benignly of a "constructive opposition." Outgoing Transport Minister Pierre Mehaignerie and former European Parliament President Simone Veil hinted at possible support for a Socialist government in the future if its policies prove acceptable. Chirac's neo-Gaullist Rally for the Republic (R.P.R.) party found itself just as demoralized but at least united behind what Assembly Whip Pierre Messmer called "intelligent opposition," meaning a tough...
...nuclear- deployment issues. France began the trend in 1966 when Charles de Gaulle closed down NATO bases and pulled his country out of the alliance's integrated command structure. Spain followed a similar tack in 1982: it joined NATO but kept its forces out of the chain of joint European command based outside Brussels. Last January, Madrid went a step further by ordering the U.S. to withdraw its 72 F-16 jet fighters from Torrejon air base. Greece has raised questions about U.S. bases on its soil. Such actions, says a senior U.S. commander, "make our job of deterrence more...
...NATO defense ministers are scheduled to meet in Brussels to ponder those issues and look at what Western Europe might do to stop the grumbling in the U.S. One answer: greater spending by the West Europeans. With a combined gross domestic product of $4.3 trillion, they are as strong economically as the U.S., and their total population of 374 million is one-third larger than that of the U.S. The likelihood that defense outlays will increase is dim, however, since European economic growth rates are slowing. Another inhibiting factor, a senior U.S. official notes, is that "arms talks are making...