Word: eves
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...city. The Iranian attackers were under constant bombardment by the superior air- and fire-power of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein's forces. The wounded were said to number 15,000 for the Iraqis and 45,000 for the Iranians. Since Iran began its latest series of attacks on Christmas Eve, an estimated total of 30,000 combatants have perished...
...authors point out that the hypothetical Eve, unlike the biblical one, was in no sense the one ancestral mother of all humans. There were other females reproducing at the time who have modern descendants. But Eve is the only one who appears in everyone's genealogy, a conclusion the biologists reached by studying mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA...
...used a computer to analyze the differences between the mtDNA samples and construct a "family" tree. Those differences were so small that they could be explained by assuming the existence of one ancestral mtDNA. Then the biologists extrapolated backward to calculate when that mtDNA existed -- in other words, when Eve lived...
...facts that mtDNA is maternally inherited and that Eve's alone has survived mean that she was the only one among her female contemporaries whose descendants included some females in all succeeding generations. Descendants of the other females alive during Eve's time eventually included generations that produced no children or only males, thus halting propagation of their mtDNA...
...considering the geographic origins of the 147 people, the biologists were even able to determine where Eve lived: samples from those of sub-Saharan African descent showed the most intragroup differences, implying that their mtDNA had had more time to change and thus that their ancestors arose earliest. This finding plus the structure of the family tree indicated sub- Saharan origin, a conclusion that agrees with current archaeological and anthropological theory...