Word: exert
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...Corporation has effectively formalized its distinction between "humanitarian" and other loans, an exercise in line-drawing that seems fundamentally fallacious. Money sent for charitable ends will only free up more funds for the both a regime's program of internal repression and enforcement of apartheid. Harvard can exert its greatest leverage not by reforming South Africa from within--which neither it not Citibank not any other investor has been able to do--but by publicly dissociating itself from that nation and urging others to follow suit...
During the Carter Administration, Secretary of State Cyrus Vance argued that arms control was so important that it ought to be insulated from linkage. National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski retorted that Congress would impose punitive sanctions anyway, so the Administration had better Stay one jump ahead and exert some linkage of its own. But with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in late 1979, domestic political support for arms control and détente all but evaporated...
Notes Richard Betts, who teaches defense policy at Columbia and Johns Hopkins universities: "More often, the significant supplier influence precedes rather than follows the sale. Once a sale is final the supplier's leverage declines." The recent U.S. experience with Turkey shows how customers can exert leverage on their suppliers. When Congress voted to ban all military sales to Turkey after its 1974 invasion of Cyprus, the Ankara government promptly shut down some U.S. bases and listening posts, many of which provided valuable intelligence surveillance of the Soviet Union. Mindful of Turkey's importance to NATO's Eastern flank...
...easier way to force the Poles back into line would be the exercise of economic muscle. As a senior British official puts it: "It is economic, and not military, war that the Kremlin appears to have decided to wage against Poland." Indeed, Moscow can exert almost irresistible economic pressure in view of Poland's dependence on Soviet supplies (see chart). In addition, the Soviets have extended some $4.2 billion in aid and credits since 1980 alone...
...such had been cast as outlaws and traitors. But against that reasoning, they took a courageous stance for freedom. The collective bargaining system has no validity if one side lacks leverage, and striking appears to be the measure of last resort by which employees can exert pressure on their employers...