Word: exhaustedly
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Concerning the Skate's 31-day submerged record [July 7]: the Skate has a snorkel for emergency use but, of course, did not use it during the 31-day period. When in use, a snorkel is continually taking in fresh air and exhausting either engine exhaust gas or stale air (it actually has two pipes enclosed in one large tube to make this possible). In our 31-day period the 95 men in the Skate were as completely divorced from the earth's atmosphere as though they had been in outer space. This was made possible...
When spaceships start using nuclear power, they will have to take off from deserts with no unsheltered humans for miles around. Only the crewmen in their cabins will be fully shielded. As the ship departs for space it will blast a considerable area with gamma rays, neutrons and radioactive exhaust, and a new, unpoisoned site may have to be found for the next takeoff. But designers of nuclear rockets do not worry much about this sort of thing. In Nucleonics, a group of experts tell about current projects to soar into space by atom power...
...chief advantage over chemical rocket engines: its propellant can be liquid hydrogen, whose molecules are light and therefore move faster at a given temperature. The best possible chemical combination (hydrogen and ozone), burning at 5,000° F. and 500 lbs.-per-sq.-in. chamber pressure, gives an exhaust velocity of 13,000 ft. per sec. A nuclear rocket, using hydrogen at the same pressure and only 3,000° F., shoots it out the tail pipe at 19,000 ft. per sec. If the working temperature rises to 4,500°, the exhaust velocity approaches...
Since the efficiency of a rocket engine depends largely on its exhaust velocity, the nuclear engine has a big initial advantage, but it has to pay a high price. The engine itself, which must be cooled elaborately by the liquid hydrogen, will be about as complicated as a conventional chemical engine (see diagram). Its controls will be even more complicated, and all its delicate parts will have to perform perfectly in spite of intense gamma rays striking through them at takeoff...
Scorched & Frozen. A few minutes later, unaware of their small passenger, the crew came aboard and the plane took off. As the ship cleared the runway, Bas Wie's nightmare began. Near him an exhaust pipe spouted orange flame. Freezing propeller blasts whipped his thin shirt, but probably saved him from being overcome by engine fumes. And, to his horrified surprise, the retracting big wheel began to rise to crush him. Fighting back his panic, Bas Wie scrambled into the only possible place of safety-a space ten inches deep and 20 inches high, between a fuel tank...