Word: experts
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...especially those in their late 40s or older, failure to perform is equivalent not only to letting down the company but also to undermining their reason for living. "They are middle managers wedged between tremendous pressure from above and disrespect from below," says Kenshiro Ohara, a psychiatrist and an expert on suicide at Hamamatsu University. "Younger Japanese are much better at setting their own goals and managing stress...
Perhaps the toughest competition that neural networks will face in the field of artificial intelligence comes from the so-called expert systems used in medicine, banking, navigation and other fields. Instead of looking for patterns, computerized expert systems distill the decision-making process used by human experts into rules of thumb. Neurocomputer researchers argue that neural networks will eventually prove superior, however, because they can adjust more easily to changes in the nature of the problem to be solved...
Others predict that a combination of neural networks and expert systems could solve problems too tough for either to tackle alone. Since natural intelligence consists of several ways of reasoning, the argument goes, computer engineers will have to design artificial intelligence with more than one way of processing information. Says Esther Dyson, editor of Release 1.0, a computer-industry newsletter: "A neural network will tell the difference between a Russian tank and an American tank, and an expert system will tell whether to shoot...
...fire and U.S.-supplied Stinger missiles brought down heavily armored helicopter gunships. In a move reminiscent of the U.S. defeat in Viet Nam, Moscow called a halt to the fighting after nine years of frustration and began withdrawing its troops in May. Says David Isby, a U.S. military expert and author of Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army: "The vaunted Soviet military was basically fought to a standstill...
...operating costs and wear and tear have forced Soviet ships to spend 85% of their time in port, compared with 66% for U.S. vessels. Moscow has severely curtailed Pacific-fleet activity since 1984. "There's no doubt that the Soviet navy is deploying markedly less," says Harlan Ullman, an expert on Moscow's fleet at Washington's Center for Strategic and International Studies. "Signs support the thesis that they are changing their strategy...