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Precise details of the process are state secrets, but the general outlines are known. To extract the oil, the Sasol plant burns coal with oxygen and steam in a big cylindrical vessel until a gas forms above the ashes. Once the gas is cleaned of impurities-yielding valuable chemical byproducts in the process-it is mixed with a catalyst made of iron and other substances. This catalyst transforms the gas into liquid oil. Production costs amount to $17 per bbl. That is well below the OPEC price of around $20 per bbl. and much less than...
Sasol II is being put up 100 miles from the present plant. The $2.9 billion Sasol II will be environmentally cleaner; precipitators above the boilers will extract chemical fumes and reduce air pollution, and water will be recycled rather than dumped in rivers. In addition, productivity will be higher: 1.78 bbl. of synthetic oil from each ton of coal, vs. 1.26 bbl. at present. As soon as that plant is finished next February, construction will start near by on Sasol III. Once the three plants are in operation, they will save an estimated $400 million a year in foreign exchange...
Another possibility is unconventional gas, which is the same as natural gas, but much harder to extract. It is found under the surface-in the Rocky Mountain region, in the shales of Appalachia, in huge underground caverns stretching below land and sea along the coastlines of Louisiana and east Texas, and in many coal seams all over the country. Because it is costly, the development of unconventional gas had been blocked until natural gas price controls were lifted last year. Now Carter anticipates production to reach the equivalent of 500,000 to 1 million...
...Manhattan possesses literary values (mainly its dialogue), and dramatic development (the characters' conflicts). Successive amalgamation of these narrative elements with visual dynamism produces humorous imagery imbued with dramatic lyricism and verbal humor. This is, indeed, of greater relevance than the moral and ideological connotations which film reviewers try to extract from Manhattan...
...slogan: If it grows, burn it-or convert it to energy. Homeowners, utilities, manufacturers and municipal governments are experimentally burning all forms of natural growth, or biomass, including urban garbage, sugar cane, walnut shells and plants. At the same time, government-funded projects are examining means to extract energy from common biological wastes like animal manures. A poultry farmers' cooperative in Arkansas will soon recycle 100 tons of chicken manure daily to produce 1.2 million cu. ft. of methane equal to 12,000 gal. of gasoline; it is then used to power automobiles that have engines converted to accept...