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Dead zones are created when excess nitrogen and other pollutants in ocean water promote large blooms of algae and phytoplankton on the surface. The nitrogen gets there in a couple of ways: through river water filled with fertilizer from farm runoff and from air polluted with tailpipe and smokestack emissions. When the algae die and sink to the ocean floor, bacteria there break them down, while consuming pretty much all of the available oxygen in the water. The bacteria also proliferate wildly, taking over the ecosystem and exacerbating the oxygen depletion. If conditions like strong currents, which are common...
Such changes to farm management aren't likely to be cheap or easy to implement. But, as Diaz's study suggests, the consequences of inaction might prove infinitely more expensive. "The oceans are vast and they cover most of the Earth's surface," notes Howarth. "But what people mostly care about in the oceans is largely in these coastal areas. That's where the most productive fisheries are, and where people recreate. And that's where people are overfishing, and where dead zones are developing...
...what is in front of one's nose needs a constant struggle," noted George Orwell in a weekly newspaper column in 1946. To help him keep focused, the author of Animal Farm and 1984 kept a diary in which he recorded everything from how many eggs his chickens laid to his political observations on the rise of communism in Europe. From Aug. 9, the Orwell Prize, an annual award for political writing set up by admirers and old friends, will make some of those diaries available online - but not all Orwell fans are happy about...
...interview, though, reminded me of the undeniable differences between where I am now and the place to which I’ll return in a month. We pulled up to a small farm with a few dogs and a small flock of tiny chickens milling around in front of the house and sheep shelter. An elderly couple welcomed us into their home, beckoning us sit on the large bed while they poured everyone’s tea and started chatting about life raising sheep. Unlike the previous families who praised the shepherding life, telling us that it was very comfortable...
...SHINY BOTTLES For 20 years, lighting sculptor Warren Muller has been collecting all manner of scrap at flea markets, auctions and junkyards, and transforming that ordinary stuff into illuminated art. "I favor old tools, farm equipment and industrial parts," he says. Here, a salvaged crate is combined with unearthed Moxie soda bottles to make a light that throws a rustic glow ($3,600-$250,000). www.bahdeebahdu.com