Word: ferrara
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...contrast, the Communists have built up a surprisingly good record as conscientious, honest administrators in running such Red Belt towns as Ferrara, Modena, Perugia, Siena and Pisa. In keeping with Communist practice, Novelli will turn over his mayor's salary to the party and receive back a stipend equivalent to the wages of a skilled factory worker...
...Ferrara pointed out that given the same amount of money and quality of facilities, black children should learn as well in predominantly black schools as they could in racially balanced classrooms. Although this may be the case, it is a matter of history that predominantly black or minority schools neither received an equal or greater amount of funding nor the same quality facilities as the predominantly white schools on the average. They have received less. This is due, in part, to housing patterns and class differences, and, in part, to the policy decisions of public authorities. Busing is the means...
...Leach article (Indiana Law Review, Vol. 6, 1973) was used by Mr. Ferrara to support his statement that, "...busing did not improve the academic achievement of black children." This statement is a clear distortion of the facts presented in the article, and a misuse of social science research. In fact, the findings of the ten studies cited in the article are overwhelmingly positive in support of advantages to bused blacks over their peers left in segregated schools...
...referring to the journal article, Mr. Ferrara neglected to mention any of the findings which compare the gains of bused blacks to control groups of blacks left in segregated schools. On this point, I found that five of the ten studies (Berkeley, Buffalo, Connecticut, Rochester and Sacramento) found significant gains for the bused black groups over their black peers remaining in segregated schools. These gains were reported in black achievement levels, paragraph meaning comprehension, mental ability, school achievement, reading and arithmetic. This leaves five studies. Three of these (Evanston, Boston-Metco and White Plains) must be eliminated from the realm...
...Ferrara had criticized the manner in which busing is often implemented or the quality of educational options for Boston parents, black and white, there would be no disagreement. The implementation, planning and assessment of Judge Garrity's decisions have not been without fault, and in some aspects each has been shoddy. Even though there are real differences in quality between schools now, the quality of Boston's schools needs upgrading, and city funding formulas need to be re-evaluated. However, the Supreme Court and the judge are acting in accord with an unambiguous dictate of the Constitution: it is unlawful...