Word: flasks
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Dates: during 1940-1949
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...credulity of U.S. doctors was sorely strained when Caltech biochemists revealed last spring that for the first time they had created antibodies in laboratory flasks. These artificial antibodies-the substances which form in the blood to fight poisons or diseases-were capable of attacking only a few simple chemical poisons (TIME, March 30). The latest news from Caltech is even more incredible: antibodies against bacterial disease, pneumonia III (one of the several forms of lung infection), have now been made synthetically. This achievement of Biochemists Linus Pauling and Dan Campbell is still in the realm of experimental medicine, and flask...
...made their artificial pneumonia antibodies from serum globulin extracted from beef blood. Steps in the process: 1) the globulin molecules were heated to 135° F. for two weeks to make their structures "unfold"; 2) a complex sugar secreted by the pneumonia type III bacteria was added to the flask; 3) the solution was slowly cooled so that the molecules folded up again. But influenced by the bacterial sugar, the folding molecules assumed a modified structure in the flask, just as they would in the blood stream. Thus they became antibodies. Several tests showed that the artificial pneumonia antibodies were...
...Marine Hospital (where wives of Coast Guardsmen have their babies) on Staten Island, N.Y. The anesthetic is continuous and localized in the pelvic region. A silver needle is inserted into the caudal area, just below the spinal column, where it remains throughout labor. The needle is connected with a flask of the anesthetic, two-thirds of an ounce of which is administered every 30 or 40 minutes. Longest labor during which the anesthetic has been given: 13 hours. The primary purpose of the new technique is to relieve the pain and exhaustion of the early stages of labor, when...
...startling was the news that many another scientist was politely incredulous. Antibodies, the disease-fighting substances in the blood, have been made artificially in laboratory flasks for the first time. This achievement was announced last week by Chemists Linus Pauling, Dan Campbell and David Pressman of California Institute of Technology. The three researchers made it clear that their work is still in the realm of biochemistry and that flask-prepared solutions are not yet ready to replace the serums for clinical use now developed from horses and other animals...
...their experiments, the researchers induced serum blobulin molecules 1) to "unfold" their structures by treatment with heat or alkalis in the presence of antigens, 2) then to fold up again. The researchers believe that the antigen influences the molecule to assume a modified structure in the flask, just as it would in the blood stream...