Word: foremans
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...When Foreman Melt Williams announced the verdict after two hours' deliberation, four white spectators distinctly heard him say, "Guilty." But the courtroom was noisy, and Judge Harold Smith apparently did not hear. He requested a written verdict. Someone had handed Williams a slip of paper, he had signed it, and it was brought to the clerk. It said: "Innocent...
...more surprised at D'Andrea's acquittal than Foreman Williams, who later insisted that all six jurors had decided on guilt, even though "some of the men said if we found this white man guilty, the judge would turn him loose, and he would come looking for us." Added Williams: "I can't read or write. I believe I was tricked to sign the wrong paper." Two other jurors agreed with Williams' analysis, but the remaining three swore that they thought all six had voted for innocence. To compound the confusion, three jurors were illiterate...
...verdict expunged on the ground that a six-man jury must be unanimous. Then, if Judge Smith can resolve the issue of possible double jeopardy, D'Andrea may be retried. Ironically, illiteracy is unlikely to be an issue. Had the foreman signed the guilty slip in the same mistaken manner, D'Andrea could have raised that issue as a denial of fair trial. For the mo ment, though, he is delighted with the verdict of his illiterate peers...
...assert himself, and if violence comes, so be it." Representative Adam Clayton Powell, at a Black Muslim rally in 1963 in New York: "Anything we get we will have to fight for, to seize for ourselves. We will invade the white man's heaven, the United States." James Foreman, then executive secretary of S.N.C.C., in August 1963: "There's going to be a considerable amount of violence if major changes are not made. I daresay that 85% of the Negro population, if not 95%, does not adhere to nonviolence or does not believe in it." Negro Author Louis...
Next day the jurors went at it again. They deadlocked, eight for conviction on a manslaughter charge, four for acquittal. They requested dismissal, but the judge asked them to try again. At length Foreman Clifford McMurphy declared an irrevocable deadlock: two still held out against conviction...