Word: formalization
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...Gaddafi invented a system of government unique to Libya called the "Jamahiriya," or state of the masses, in which the nation is supposedly governed by the populace through local councils. Though Gaddafi technically holds no formal office through this system and is officially known only by the title Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution, he is still considered the de facto leader of the nation. The Jamahiriya, however, has been dismissed by several international observers, including the CIA, as a military dictatorship...
...their villages, which they then leveled. After the war, they used force to prevent any of them from returning. Then the new state summarily confiscated their land and property for redistribution to Jews. The remaining Arab population of Israel—now about 20 percent—eventually received formal legal equality, but live in second-class citizen status similar to that of American blacks in the North before affirmative action and the rise of the new black bourgeoisie...
...defies the laws of sociopolitical physics: a young man of low birth and no formal education amassing a fortune by answering obscure questions on the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Yet Jamal Malik (Dev Patel), a sweet-souled 18-year-old, aces questions about Indian history because he's lived through it--just barely. He's grown up in obscene and criminal poverty with his tougher brother Salim (Madhur Mittal). Jamal wants to stay on the show long enough to attract the notice of his lifelong love, Latika (Freida Pinto), whom he's lost...
...called the press reports “premature” in an e-mailed statement and declined to comment. The former dean of the Kennedy School will make his formal decision regarding the nomination as early as the end of the week, according to the Boston Herald...
Still, the council leaders are not alone in targeting yoga as a distracting influence to good Muslims. In neighboring Malaysia, a formal ban on yoga was issued last year and is still in place, a move that many Malaysians worried would heighten religious tension in the country. "I think the fatwa was issued now because of their ties to clerics in Malaysia," suggests Hamid Basyaib of the Liberal Islam Network. Many doubt it will have much effect. "The council is trying to reassert its authority among Muslims as the guardians of Islamic belief," says Azyumardi Azra, director of graduate studies...