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...however, a study in the journal Neurology suggests a more basic connection: genes. "Most people think that migraine patients are depressed because they have headaches," says the study's co-author, Dr. Gisela Terwindt, a neurologist at Leiden University in the Netherlands. "We found that there is a genetic predisposition by people with migraines to be depressed...
Such carefully planned research yielded illuminating results. About 25% of family members with migraines were depressed, vs. just 12% of relatives without migraines. Correcting for the role of chance, researchers found that, overall, relatives with migraines are 1.4 times as likely to have migraine and depression together rather than migraine alone. Those suffering from migraine with aura (the flashing lights and tunnel vision that precedes some migraine headaches) were nearly twice as likely to suffer from depression. (See the top 10 medical breakthroughs...
...those without migraines, while this new Dutch study shows that closely related people aren't even twice as likely to share both conditions. But Terwindt says that's the wrong comparison to make. She says her team used a much stricter definition of migraine than usual, and still found a positive association between that condition and depression, which serves to support rather than contradict previous studies...
...large," acknowledges Dr. Ellen Schur, an internist at the University of Washington, who has also studied the link between migraines and depression. But her study of 1,064 pairs of female twins, published in the journal Headache in 2009, supports the idea of a common genetic link. Schur found that among her twin sets, migraine was inherited 44% of the time and depression 58%. When one sibling had both diseases, 30% of the time her twin...
Where is it coming from? According to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency, levamisole has become increasingly popular as a "cut," or diluting agent, in cocaine and possibly some heroin. It is now found in 70% of all cocaine seized in the U.S., up from 30% in 2008. Unlike most cuts - usually inert or relatively harmless substances like the B vitamin inositol, which are added by lower-level dealers looking to stretch supplies - levamisole appears to be added to cocaine from the outset, in the countries of origin. The substance has been found in various concentrations in cocaine analyzed in countries...