Word: fowlers
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...favoring programs like Unilever's Shakti that aim to improve the world while boosting profits - or at least aren't perceived to be wasting money. During the recession, "a lot of activities will be linked to how companies can do business differently rather than just philanthropic giving," says Penny Fowler, who heads Oxfam's private-sector-advocacy team. "And that could be a good thing...
...that, coupled with the fact that it had not yet shown the powerful addictive potential of, say, crystal meth or cocaine, led to the assumption that it was the rare stimulant that left dopamine alone. That idea didn't sound believable to Volkow and her collaborator, chemist Johanna Fowler. (Read "How Much Sleep Do You Really Need...
...recruited a small sample group of 10 men, ages 23 to 46; some of them got a placebo, while others took either 200 mg or 400 mg (typical therapeutic doses) of modafinil. All of the men's brains were then scanned using positron-emission tomography (PET scans). Volkow and Fowler were looking for dopamine activity - not just for overall dopamine levels, but also for the behavior of dopamine transporters...
...perform cleanup work," says Volkow. "They remove dopamine after it's released and recycle it." The more dopamine that gets left in the spaces between cells, the longer its rewarding effect on the brain - and the likelier it is to lay down the roots of addiction. As Volkow and Fowler suspected, the PET scans of the men who had taken modafinil showed that dopamine transporters were indeed being blocked by the drug and overall levels were rising...
...Modafinil binds to the same site on dopamine transporters as cocaine does, and one of the areas where dopamine levels then begin to climb is the nucleus accumbens - a spot researchers have come to recognize as a sort of addiction central for recreational meds. "The nucleus accumbens," Volkow and Fowler wrote, is a "brain region critical for the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse...