Word: franciscan
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...During the 10th century-a "saeculum obscurum of the worst abuses in Church and Papacy"-the monasteries, notably the great Burgundian abbey of Cluny, provided both the spiritual means and the men to effect reform. Even before Luther broke from Rome, men like the Dominican Vincent Ferrer and the Franciscan Bernadine of Siena were working to renew Catholicism from within. Yet one major reason why the Vatican rejected Luther's cries for change was because "neither Rome nor the Church's leaders elsewhere were in a fit state to understand the spiritual needs of the age; nor, hence...
...church has already canonized on Negro, St. Benedict the Moor, a 16th century Franciscan whose parents were slaves from Africa; he was declared a saint...
...causes contains a number that date back for centuries; one of the longest-standing is that of the 15th century painter Fra Angelico, who is still only a "servant of God." But two potential saints owe their candidacies to World War II Nazi persecution. One is the Polish Franciscan priest Maximilian Kolbe, who was shipped to a concentration camp in 1939. There one day, Father Kolbe volunteered to take the place of a married man who had been scheduled for punishment. The penalty: death by starvation in Auschwitz' notorious hunger bunker...
...particularly exciting to find a writer who can understand as individuals the people we know from the writers of the thirties as types: ghetto intellectuals, Depression unemployed, and third generation Americans. Tillie Olsen, the San Franciscan whose short story "Tell Me a Riddle" won the 1961 O. Henry prize, is of a later generation of writers. She was too young during the Depression to view the people she knew as victims of injustice and the circumstances they lived in as categories fitting into ideological formulae, as did the "proletarian" writers who were adults at the time. To her they were...
Duty Is to Pray. A monk is a cleric who takes vows of religion that bind him to live and serve in one monastic community until his death. Unlike Franciscan or Dominican houses, which are organized into tightly run provinces, Benedictine monasteries are almost completely independent of each other; a monk obeys only his own abbot. Unlike the Jesuits or other modern religious congregations, which have specific vocations to preach, heal or teach, monks are essentially contemplative: their major duty is the Opus Dei-the common recitation of the prayers in the Divine Office, for the glory...