Word: francos
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Embarrassing Impulse. To the consternation of French Communists, Kosygin seemed to go out of his way to praise De Gaulle-if only because Soviet policy calls for keeping the doors open to the West at any cost. "The emptiness in Franco-Soviet relations, whatever its origin may have been, is now an appendage of the past," he told De Gaulle. "The evolution of events in Europe has shown the benefits of a Franco-Soviet rapprochement." But Kosygin embarrassed his hosts when, at a purely ceremonial luncheon, he impulsively attacked what he called the resurgence of "the forces of fascism...
They will also be able to worship as they please for the first time. In his new constitution, Franco eliminated Catholic Spain's 10-year-old ban on public worship by Spain's 30,000 Protestants and 6,000 Jews. They will be permitted to designate their places of worship with signs, and openly invite participation in their services...
...liberalization, Franco insisted that Spain continue without actual, organized political parties, relying instead on the new system of checks and balances within the government and the Cortes. "Every country," he said last week, "must work this out in its own way. With us, a genuine, orderly and effective democracy excludes political parties, but this in no way implies the exclusion of legitimate contrast of opinions." What Franco did was trim the power of his own politically potent Falange, which has long dominated the Spanish labor movement. He abolished the old laws banning strikes and requiring that only Falangistas hold...
...Answer to Demons. Franco's new constitution is a direct outgrowth of Spain's industrial democracy and its expanding prosperity, which no one wants to endanger by abrupt or violent political change. His hope is that under an umbrella of constitutional monarchy, Spain will continue to travel along its present liberalizing course, mixing progress with caution. "Spain," declared Franco, "has her familiar demons-the demons of anarchy, negative criticism, lack of solidarity and extremism. The political system that best suits us is not one that cultivates and encourages these, but one that prevents and counteracts them...
...Franco admitted that his constitution was vague and cautious in parts. But it could, he insisted, be just as strong as succeeding generations want to make it. "A real democracy," he said, "cannot be merely formalized. It requires moral and material elevation and true citizenship." To help build that citizenship, Franco decided to submit the constitution to a public referendum Dec. 14 rather than simply decree it. In the referendum, Spain's second in 30 years, all Spaniards over 21 will vote. After almost certain approval, the new constitution will go into effect immediately. Additional laws that translate...