Word: freshness
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...urgent interest in the long-neglected science of hydrology. President Johnson has set up a Water Resources Council to study U.S. water needs and oversee conservation; he has set aside up to $275 million for research and the development of an economical system for converting sea water to fresh water. Scientists and industrialists from 58 nations will gather in Washington next week for the first international symposium on water desalinization. For hydrologists, who had to take a back seat during the 1957-58 International Geophysical Year, this burst of attention has led not to a year of their...
Demand is so high that the search for fresh water and for the means of putting it to work economically has become an expanding challenge to scientific ingenuity. Dowsers, who used to roam the land with their unreliable witch-hazel divining rods, are no longer adequate-although there are still enough of them around to call a meeting of the American Society of Dowsers Inc. this week in Vermont. Man has taught himself to prospect for new sources of water by seismic refraction and aerial photography. Since World War II, engineers have gone into the remotest valleys to dig wells...
Hardly a drop escapes the notice of the country's watchers. When the seas begin to seep into fresh-water wells near Tel Aviv, engineers pump fresh water into rock cavities between the wells and the sea, building up a barrier against seawater intrusion. Since agriculture is Israel's heaviest user of water, Israeli scientists are systematically searching for the answer to a question that has plagued farmers throughout history: How much water does each crop actually need? Using radioactive tracer materials, American-born Soil Physicist Daniel Hillel is keeping track of irrigation water as it enters...
...waters. Still another method involves freezing. As a youth in Siberia, Alexander Zarchin, an Israeli engineer, became fascinated by the fact that he could drink melted water from the ice of salty seas. In freezing, he learned, the ice crystals form separately from the brine, then melt down as fresh water. One important advantage of this kind of desalinization is that it takes less power to freeze than to heat. A prototype plant, developed by Zarchin and built by Colt Industries Inc. of the U.S., is now in operation at the Red Sea port of Elath...
...Kuwait to Aruba to Chocolate Bayou, Texas, operate on the "teakettle technique," the colloquial name for multistage flash distillation. In this system, sea water is heated and sprayed into a low-pressure chamber where it flashes into steam. As it passes through a series of similar chambers, even more fresh water is steamed off until, in the more efficient operations, an average of 3½ gallons of sea water is turned into a gallon of fresh. So pure is the result that sometimes a jigger of such contaminants as magnesium salts is tossed back in to eliminate the bland, distilled...