Word: freuds
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...course, be used to create a Huxleian nightmare. But, in capable hands and under public scrutiny, they need not. At the very least, the drugs may give psychiatry the bold new tools that will enable it to shake off its own current depression and fulfill the high hopes that Freud and his followers correctly held...
...Freud's dazzling and complex theory of the mind?one of the great intellectual triumphs of all time?came along when American psychiatry was doing little more than warehousing the insane and performing the occasional crude Cuckoo's Nest lobotomy. Though most of Europe's intelligentsia remained unimpressed with Freud, a generation of largely Jewish disciples of the master, fleeing Hitler and the Nazis, spread the faith widely in the U.S. It quickly attracted the well-to-do, who could alford the treatment, and enticed the literati, who were smitten by the subtlety and symbolism of these fashionable excursions into...
Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, psychoanalytic chic ran high, generating optimism about its potential that far outran Freud's. The master, of course, thought he had made a decisive breakthrough, but one destined to be modified by other discoveries, some of them biological and chemical. Psychoanalysis, he said, could do little for the seriously ill, such as schizophrenics and other psychotics, and even many neurotics should expect little more than transforming "hysterical misery into common unhappiness." Even that might not be achieved if the patient was too old and set in his ways...
Forty years after Freud's death, the effectiveness of his therapy is still being debated, even among psychiatrists and psychologists who generally accept his theories and discoveries. (A sample panel discussion, scheduled for next month in New York City: "The Outcome of Psychotherapy: Benefit, Harm or No Change?") Psychoanalysts usually cite the "one-third" rule of thumb: of all patients, one-third are eventually "cured," one-third are helped somewhat, and one-third are not helped at all. The trouble is that most therapies, including some outlandish ones, also claim some improvement for two-thirds of their patients. Critics argue...
...Young, Adaptable, Verbal, Intelligent and Successful). It also helps to be W (Wealthy). A psychoanalytic hour (actually it is now usually 45 to 50 minutes) costs from $20 to $100, with the average at $50, or $12,000 a year for the five-times-a-week treatment recommended by Freud. As a concession to economic reality, most American psychoanalysts see patients only once or twice a week, and some have begun to stress even more limited short-term therapy to cut expenses further. One sign of the times: Freudian Judd Marmor, a former president of the American Psychiatric Association...