Word: frogs
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...scene: An amiable frog enters the El Sleezo Café and perches at the bar. A thug who looks amazingly like a malevolent Kojak starts eyeballing him. The creature, a popeyed Candide named Kermit the Frog, had just hopped in for a quick one en route to Hollywood, but now Madeline Kahn, slinking alongside him, coos: "Buy me a drink, sailor?" Soon Kermit the Frog finds himself arguing with Telly Savalas about warts. Behind them a sinister crew of rogues are tearing up the place. This is clearly no club for an honest frog; the menu even features french fried...
...Savalas of his cameo as the barroom brawler who is intolerant of warts. Other humanoid notables in the cast are Orson Welles, Bob Hope, Richard Pryor and Dom DeLuise. But to the Muppets' 235 million worldwide fans, the real heros of all this silliness are sensitive Kermit the Frog; his friend Fozzie, the stumbling bear; Miss Piggy, the porcine blonde caught achingly between show-biz ambition and true love; and a star-struck turkey, Gonzo the Great...
...cell seem to be "turned on." In the language of biologists, the cells are differentiated. U.S. Biologists Robert W. Briggs and Thomas J. King confirmed this principle and pioneered the basic technique of animal cloning in the early 1950s. They removed the nuclei of unfertilized egg cells from female frogs. These nuclei were then replaced with nuclei taken from the cells of developing frog embryos, which at this early stage were merely clumps of cells that had not yet differentiated into specific organs. Some of the frog eggs, with their newly implanted nuclei, acted as if they had been fertilized...
...early 1960s, British Biologist John B. Gurdon took the technique a step further by replacing the nuclei of unfertilized eggs with the nuclei of cells that had differentiated into intestinal cells of young tadpoles. Some of the resulting cloned tadpoles matured into adult frogs. There have since been reports of successful cloning with nuclei from adult frog cells, but researchers have found that the best results are obtained by using the nuclei from cells of frogs in the early stages of embryonic development. The nuclei of adult animal cells are generally considered poor cloning material, possibly because many...
...Gurdon experiments still represent the high-water mark of traditional cloning technique. Researchers find that cloning mammals is a much more complicated affair. For one thing, mammalian eggs are one-tenth to one-twentieth the size of frog eggs and thus difficult to manipulate. And while tadpoles grow into frogs in a pond (and therefore easily in a laboratory tank), mammalian embryos must develop in a womb...