Word: functional
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...ICBM sites in Montana and North Dakota-compared with 17 Sentinel bases planned by Johnson primarily to defend major U.S. cities. As it turned out, the two installations will be built first, but later, Nixon's proposal calls for 14 ABM bases in all. The system's function has been shifted from the protection of cities to the defense of the nation's nuclear deterrent. Its cost would be at least $1 billion more than the $5.8 billion estimated for the Johnson system, although the first-year cost would be half the $1.8 billion proposed...
...initial claim which the characters in Monmouth make on an audience's attention is no function of Mr. Dickson's writing. It is, rather, a natural by-product of his choice of materials: social and political traumatics in the Court of Charles II. Historical subjects are by now the traditional matter of Phyllis Anderson Prize plays, of which this effort is one, sharing an award with James Lardner's Come the Revolution. There is, or has been, a certain sense in this tradition, for historical references can lend any play a certain measure of unearned dramatic scale. Such loans, however...
Firstly, the basic issue dealt with in our course is that of the distribution of income, wealth, and power within the United States, and between the U.S. and the Third Would. In dealing with income distribution, we emphasize the importance of educational institutions and their economic function in affecting income inequality. The editorial's suggestion that the issue of grading forms a particularly large part of the course in incorrect, although it is fair to say that our position on grading arose from discussion concerning the particular course lecture in which grading received some analytical attention...
Grades serve a number of functions: they establish a system of incentives for students, they structure the nature of social relations in the educational process, and they provide needed information within the outside the university. We argue that the incentive function of grades and their effect on classroom relations are inimical to learning. Furthermore, we believe that the informational role of grades could be served through alternative mechanisms which would promote, rather than hinder, learning...
However, the role of grades in educational institutions cannot be fully understood as long as attention is confined to the universities alone. Grades function to socialize students into the work force. On a job, workers do not obtain satisfaction from an intrinsic interest either in the process of production or in the resulting product of their work. Nor do they obtain satisfaction from the social usefulness of the product. Instead, they are motivated by the prospect of an external reward--wages received in exchange for labor power. In the workplace, the need to substitute external incentives for intrinsic interest arises...