Word: galls
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...watermark can disclose a forgery. Benjamin and other analysts check the ink used on antique documents. Sometimes its very color is all they need to see. Ink made of ground carbon was used until 1020; it does not affect the color of the paper as it ages. But iron-gall ink, widely used until about 1860, is acidic and with time tends to tint and wear through the paper. Aniline ink followed; it disappears when the paper on which it is used is dunked in water. That is not a test many analysts try, since their document, real or fake...
...signers of the Declaration of Independence was genuine. A hurricane had caused the paper to be submerged in water for five days. When he retrieved it, the owner found to his relief that all the signatures remained clear and bright. They had been written with iron-gall ink on rag paper...
...Market crisis sent observers back to the history books. As cartoonists busied themselves rearranging French ministerial noses to fit that of the Generale who wanted France to defy Europe and stand alone, one European weekly's headline begged the question on everyone's mind: 'Shades of the Fourth Republic?' Gall could suddenly be spelled three ways...
Libyan Strongman Muammar Gaddafi has been accused of many things, but lack of gall is not one of them. In August, he grandly convoked the 19th annual summit meeting of the Organization of African Unity in the Libyan capital of Tripoli. For Gaddafi it was to be a major event: according to a decision made at the 1981 summit in Nairobi, the Tripoli gathering would confirm his installation as O.A.U. chairman for one year. But Gaddafi alienated a number of moderate African states by helping to engineer the recognition of the Polisario guerrilla movement, which opposes Morocco...
...again among men his age. It has probably constituted the Harvard faculty's most powerful--because unanswerable--defense against what it perceives as the invasion of hordes of Amazonian scholars, armed with Ph.D.'s (and Lord knows who gave them those), shrill voices, and--worst of all--the gall (shall we say) to call a mild-mannered male professor in his own home during family time...