Word: galtung
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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Fortunately for analytical purposes, there is a historical example nearly identical to South Africa--the case of the white-supremacist government of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). In a groundbreaking study of the Rhodesian case, economic historian Johan Galtung concludes that 12 years of total economic embargo--the strongest international sanctions ever imposed before the Iraq-Kuwait crisis--not only failed to break the regime's resolve, but actually solidified...
...response to Galtung's book, historian David Baldwin argued that sanctions had been effective in Rhodesia, because many long-suffering Blacks joined the insurgent National Liberation Front, which eventually toppled the dominant regime by military force. Thus, in the relatively short period of 12 years, sanctions were "successful." In fact, many academic proponents of economic sanctions uphold the case of Rhodesia as their single most successful application...
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