Word: gamma
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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Assuming that antibodies, like most other proteins, are composed of chains of amino acids, Edelman set out to identify the arrangement and composition of the antibody molecules. In 1969, he completed a gamma-globulin model showing the molecule to be made up of 19,996 atoms grouped together in amino-acid building blocks. His findings coincided with those of Porter, showing that the antibody molecule is composed of a double pair of chains, two "light" ones forming the branches of the Y, and two "heavy" ones that make up the trunk. After establishing that antibodies have some flexible amino-acid...
...most significant of Venera's revelations is that the chemical composition of at least part of the surface is similar to the earth's. Venera's gamma-ray spectrometer determined that the landing area contained radioactive potassium, uranium and thorium in approximately the same ratio in which they appear in many volcanic rocks on earth. This, in turn, indicates that Venus, like the earth, Mars and the moon, is "differentiated"; that is, the planet was once hot enough for its material to soften and flow. During this period, the heavier elements settled toward the core while...
Molten Pools. Venera was also equipped with a gamma-ray detector that should provide the first on-site evidence as to the composition and structure of the Venusian "soil." That evidence is not likely to be very inviting. As late as the 1950s, many astronomers still thought that conditions on cloud-shrouded Venus might favor life, but by now they know otherwise. Rotating once every 243 days in a direction opposite to that of the other planets, Venus has a surface that University of Arizona Astronomer Gerard Kuiper says might resemble a fresh volcanic field, with boiling sulfur springs...
...apprenticeship has included years of regional repertory work, doing lead parts in The Three Sisters, Macbeth, The Rose Tattoo and plays of like caliber. Two seasons ago she won an award as best off-Broadway actress of the year, playing the bitter, slatternly mother in The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds...
...with the capabilities of the Bevatron. Biophysicists, for example, are optimistic about using heavy ions, or other particles that can be made from these ions, to combat cancer, acromegaly (a rare disease in which facial features, hands and feet thicken) and Parkinson's disease. Unlike X rays and gamma rays, heavy particles do not damage healthy tissue on their way to a tumor; they do most of their deadly work only after reaching it. (Before the modification of the Bevatron, heavy ions could not be accelerated enough even to penetrate the skin.) In addition, scientists may some day create...