Word: gardners
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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...Gardner based his list on findings from neurology, developmental and cognitive psychology, and anthropology. He argued that these intelligences can be shown to be localized in the brain; that they are exhibited in extreme form by idiots savants, prodigies and geniuses; that they have a clear developmental history; and that they are used in the performance of roles that cultures value around the world. In the book's final section, Gardner explored the educational implications of the theory, suggesting ways the intelligences can be exploited and fostered...
...consists of many factors have engaged in a long-standing, bitter debate (although even those who believe in general intelligence say there are many subordinate cognitive abilities). Reviewers praised Frames of Mind for eloquently making new arguments on behalf of the multifaceted position, but they complained that Gardner's theory is too speculative. "The discussion is all hunch and opinion," wrote George Miller, one of the founders of cognitive psychology. The eminent developmental psychologist Jerome Bruner, a onetime colleague of Gardner's, said the book was "in many ways brilliant" but that Gardner succeeded "only moderately well" in proving...
Some of the strongest doubts about Gardner's evidence were expressed in Frames of Mind by Gardner himself. "The most I can hope to accomplish here is to provide a feeling for each specific intelligence," he wrote. "I am painfully aware that a convincing case for each candidate intelligence remains the task of other days and other volumes." And at the very end of the book, he warned that his work "needs to be amply discussed and tested" in the fields of biology and cognitive science before it is put into practice. "We are not yet certain," he said...
...years since Frames of Mind was published, those other volumes have never appeared. Nor, as Gardner acknowledges, have those discussions and tests been undertaken. He now says that as a scientist he preferred to move on to other matters within MI and outside it. Moreover, he says, it goes against the grain of his philosophy to develop tests to measure the intelligences, a prerequisite psychologists say would be necessary to determine the validity of the theory. Gardner also points out that the overall trends in neurology and cognitive psychology strongly support his view that intelligence comprises many abilities...
...Gardner is right about that. Still, many neurologists and psychologists believe recent discoveries in brain science--the localization of particular traits, the proliferation and pruning of synapses--are far too poorly understood to guide educators. Meanwhile, students of cognition, even those who give Gardner much credit, cite research that contradicts him. "The different intelligences show correlations in many cases, and within intelligence, there is a lack of unity," said Robert Sternberg, a professor of psychology and education at Yale. In other words, some of Gardner's intelligences do not seem to be independent faculties, while other intelligences divide up into...