Word: genes
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...encodes—stuck, and became the logo of the Gallery.The word ‘meme’ stems from the Greek word, mimema, defined as “something imitated.” It is a cultural unit as basic to our thoughts and ideas as a gene is to our biological makeup. Like performance art, it survives by being transferred from person to person, but evolving as it does. It is a word that easily applies to a gallery that traffics ideas more so than saleable products. Yet the owners insist that the cultural connotations of the Gallery?...
Each group came to their separate conclusions the same way, comparing the genetic activity of their thousands of samples. Williams's team found that among the Alzheimer's patients' samples, certain versions of the genes that coded for clusterin and PICALM were more likely to be active, compared with the controls; in Amouyel's data set, clusterin and CR1 were the two highest ranking genes. While Amouyel's study had also noted PICALM as a high-risk gene of interest and Williams's research had likewise identified CR1, the two groups used different criteria to pinpoint their highest priority genes...
...these genes, two - clusterin and CR1 - are known to interact with the amyloid protein that builds up in the brain of Alzheimer's patients and eventually causes nerve cell death and cognitive problems. Clusterin may be involved in helping to clear away the amyloid that forms in the brain; but another variant of the gene may also allow amyloid to form fibrils, the sticky protein arms that further anchor amyloid plaques to nerve cells, much like a spider web ensnares prey. In late-onset Alzheimer's, it's possible that the body cannot balance these two functions of clusterin...
...other gene, CR1, codes for an immune system protein and may be involved in the body's ability to recognize the accumulating plaques of amyloid as foreign. If that's true, says Amouyel, then new treatments based on this approach might be possible. "Maybe there is some metabolic pathway that we can use to stimulate the immune system to work on CR1 to improve the clearance of amyloid," he says. "There may be new pharmacological targets, and this finding opens up ideas...
...other hand, the discovery of PICALM came as a bit of a surprise. That gene's activity affects the junction between nerve cells, where various neurochemicals work to relay signals from one nerve cell to another. While most of the research attention in Alzheimer's has been on the build up of amyloid protein and tau tangles that strangle nerve function, the identification of PICALM suggests that some part of the disease may have to do with a breakdown in nerve-cell communication at the junctures. "If you had given people a list of genes and said which ones were...