Word: german
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Revolt Against Rome. Excommunicated, Luther was saved from arrest and death by Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony, whose domains included Wittenberg, and given sanctuary at the lonely Wartburg Castle. Luther stayed for nearly a year, during which he translated the New Testament into German. Meanwhile, the revolt against Rome spread; in town after town, priests and town councils removed statues from the churches and abandoned the Mass. New reformers, many of them far more radical than Luther, appeared on the scene-Ulrich Zwingli in Zurich, the ex-Dominican Martin Bucer in Strasbourg, Thomas Munzer in Zwickau. More important, princes...
...office of bishop. Clerical celibacy was abandoned, even for monks and nuns-and in 1525, Luther married a former nun, Katherine von Bora. The sacraments were reduced from seven to two: baptism and the Lord's Supper. Luther revised the Latin liturgy and translated it into German, allowing the laity to receive the consecrated wine as well as the Host, substituting a new popular hymnody for Gregorian chant. Emphasis in worship changed from the celebration of the sacrificial Mass to the preaching and teaching of God's word...
...Protestant ethic of work and achievement. His insistence that men must read God's word contributed to the spread of literacy. And in his own translation of the Bible-a rendering whose only peers are the King James version and the Latin Vulgate-Luther wrote a German of poetry and power that has been matched only by Goethe himself. In effect, he created a common language for Germany, the necessary prelude to nationhood...
...Union Theological Seminary's Pauck points out that Luther, in his tract On Civil Government, argued that a Christian must disobey a political ruler who expects him to disobey the will of God. It is no accident that the martyred anti-Nazi hero of the World War II German resistance, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, was a Lutheran...
...time "a whole that is complex and yet without disorder. He knows that in the city he will be a dog or a child, and that he will not even begin to understand it, but that it is worth more than his god and his sworn faith and the German marshes." Droctulft deserts and dies fighting for dying Rome. "He was not a traitor," writes Borges. "He was a visionary...