Word: gideons
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...famous case of Gideon v. Wainwright, where an indigent did not have the advice of a lawyer at his trial, the court concluded that retroactivity was called for because denial of the right to counsel affected "the very integrity of the fact-finding process." Absence of a lawyer meant a "clear danger of convicting the innocent." The same went for a case where a jury may have relied on an involuntary confession to convict (Jackson v. Denno). "Confessions," said Warren, "are likely to be highly persuasive with a jury, and if coerced, they may well be untrustworthy by their very...
...many Florida lawmen cofidently predicted that a crime wave was sure to follow Indigent Clarence Gideon's famous victory in the U.S. Supreme Court, which earned for all American indigents the right to free trial counsel in felony cases. The decision applied retroactively to convicts who had been tried without lawyers, and, just as the lawmen expected, by 1965 Gideon v. Wainwright had freed more than 1,000 Florida prisoners. But predictions of a resultant crime wave, says the Florida Division of Corrections, have turned out to be all wrong...
...Among Gideon-released prisoners, the rate of recidivism (return to crimes) was only 13.6%, as compared with 25.4% among other Florida prisoners released when their sentences expired normally. Hindsight suggests a possible reason: those who applied for release under the Gideon ruling ranked surprisingly higher in mental and physical health than the rest of Florida's prison population. As an ironic result, Gideon's adverse effect has been not on society but on the prison system itself. The exodus has created a shortage of inmates at Florida's 36 road-gang camps, forcing officials...
...result of Florida Indigent Clarence Gideon's famous victory in 1963, all American adults now enjoy the right to counsel in felony cases. Now Florida may also produce a "junior Gideon" in the case of Thomas W. Parker, 16. Last fall Parker was accused of burglarizing a hotel room, stealing a car, and robbing an old man of 60? at pistol point. Denied counsel, Parker was sent to a training school until the age of 21. On appeal, the American Civil Liberties Union argued that a youngster is entitled to a lawyer whenever the charges against him equal adult...
...Supreme Court started moving inexorably toward a solution in Gideon v. Wainwright, which discarded "totality" as the test of whether indigents were entitled to free counsel in state criminal trials. By imposing on the states the Sixth Amendment right to counsel, Gideon set an objective standard: all indigents get free counsel in the courtroom...