Word: gilbert
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...induce the bacterial cells to "express" the inserted foreign insulin genes. Researchers have to trick the cell into "reading" the added DNA along with the rest of its genes in order to translate its coded instructions for making insulin. And once the insulin is synthesized, the stage at which Gilbert's team is near, the researchers must smuggle the insulin safely out of the cell and isolate it in high quantity...
...special trick to make the experiment work," Gilbert says. The insulin gene is inserted into a plasmid at a site before the end of another gene, which codes for a protein known as penicillinase. The insulin and penicillinase proteins are synthesized in a fused form when the genes are read together...
...California groups, led by Howard Goodman and Bill Ruggers, inserted the insulin gene already in bacteria last year but they have been unsuccessful in getting the E. coli to read it, according to Gilbert. The other West Coast project, run by Genentech Inc. and an organic chemist, Dr. Keiichi Itakura, announced in September that it had successfully produced human insulin using E. coli bacteria...
...They have managed to (produce human insulin), but it is inefficient," Gilbert said of the recent announcement. He said that the California artificial gene method was only applicable for a small gene such as insulin...
...point of this work," Gilbert said, "is to make large amounts of proteins and to use insulin as a model system for proteins of any size." He added, "We're not limited by the size of the proteins...