Word: giotto
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...object to record close-up views of a comet's coma and nucleus, and send the images and other data back to earth.* It also served as the advance guard for four other craft -- the Soviet Vega 2, the Japanese Suisei and Sakigake, and the European Space Agency's Giotto -- that were to sweep by Halley's in the following week...
Vega 1 also served as a pathfinder for two other craft in the Halley's flotilla. By helping scientists determine the comet's precise path, it enabled them to make accurate last-minute corrections in the courses of Vega 2 and Giotto. The second Vega was to pass within 5,000 miles of the comet on March 9, supplementing Vega 1's findings. Giotto's mission four days later was to swoop to about 300 miles of the nucleus, shooting close-up pictures as it passed. Precision pathfinding was less important for the Japanese craft. Suisei, designed to study...
...first of an international flotilla of spacecraft will take over Halley's vigil. The Soviet probe Vega 1 will fly through the coma, passing within 6,000 miles of the nucleus. It will be followed by another Soviet craft, two Japanese probes, and the European Space Agency's Giotto, which will make the most daring pass of all. On March 13, Giotto will swoop within about 300 miles of Halley's nucleus and--if it survives the encounter --transmit the first close-up pictures of a comet's nucleus ever seen...
...Indeed, Giotto's mission is by far the most grueling of the five. Looking rather like an oil drum with an upended beach umbrella stuck on top, the 5-ft. by 6-ft. probe was launched from Kourou, French Guiana, last July; as of last week it was 21 million miles from earth and nearly three times as far from Halley's. The little ship and everything on it are built for survival, and with good reason. The dust particles around the nucleus are expected to strike Giotto with such great velocity that a speck weighing a tenth...
Should the probe weather its many assaults, the rewards will be splendid. During its four-hour encounter, Giotto will explore the material streaming from the nearby nucleus with a total of ten experiments. As the craft revolves on its axis, a solid-state optical camera extending from the bottom rim like a bent stovepipe will snap a photograph once every four seconds. The pictures will be instantly transmitted to earth and shown live on television. Mass spectrometers will analyze the composition of the dust from the nucleus, and other instruments will examine the properties of the ions in detail...