Word: goa
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...achieving their ends without resorting to violence put a great deal of faith in satyagraha, or reliance on soul force. Sometimes this takes the form of marching demonstrators who may provoke attack but won't respond to it. As a method of persuading Portugal to give up Goa, the Rhode Island-sized colony on India's west coast, satyagraha was a failure last year. So was diplomacy...
Portuguese Dictator Salazar stubbornly held on to Goa, warned that there would be no transfer to sovereignty "by peaceful means," as Prime Minister Nehru suggested. The challenge was an embarrassment to Nehru, who constantly advises other countries to settle their differences by nonviolent means, and is reported to have boasted to Red China's Chou Enlai: "Watch how we get Goa without using force." This month, as India's Independence Day approached, in the absence of any better policy towards Goa, Nehru permitted his followers to try satyagraha again...
Through the Mud. On the Goa border near the town of Banda last week while the sullen monsoon rains fell, some 60 satyagrahis, watched by a small group of foreign newsmen, unfurled India's tricolors and squashed through the mud towards Goa, shouting "Goa India ek hail" (Goa and India are one). In a stone customs post at the border were ten Portuguese and Goan policemen armed with rifles and Sten guns. Half concealed in thick bush behind them were white Portuguese and Negro soldiers from Mozambique. The satyagrahis had advanced 30 feet inside the Goa border when...
What happened near Banda was repeated with variations at five other points around Goa's 184-mile border with India. From the Indian town of Castle Rock, 185 satyagrahis began marching into a railroad tunnel, intending to come out within a few yards of the border, but soldiers awaiting them fired down the tunnel, killing six. At the day's end 22 satyagrahis had been killed, and scores wounded...
...addresses open-air meetings. But this time it was Communists who harangued them. In Calcutta and in Patna the picture was similar. With suspicious spontaneity the rioters, in many cases led by Communists, denounced the Nehru government for not backing the satyagrahis and demanded that troops be sent into Goa...