Word: goa
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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What are the basic elements of our policy in regard to Goa? First, there must be peaceful methods. This is essential unless we give up the roots of all our policies and all our behavior . . . We rule out nonpeaceful methods entirely...
Kennedy and Macmillan reviewed the current rash of trouble spots-Goa, the Congo, South Viet Nam. Netherlands New Guinea-but they soon settled down to the continuing, fundamental problem of how to meet the Russian threat against Berlin. Both Kennedy and Macmillan admitted that they were perplexed by the motive behind Khrushchev's recent line on West Berlin. The Russian Premier could be toughening his stand either because he does not want negotiations or because he wants to go into negotiations with a hard position to use as bargaining leverage...
...policy of nonviolence and lecturing the world-especially the U.S.-about its aggressiveness. India's Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru went, as he piously put it, "contrary to my grain.'' On Nehru's orders, Indian forces invaded the tiny, 451-year-old Portuguese colony of Goa on India's west coast. In a three-pronged attack, crack Sikh and Dogra troops of the Indian army's 17th Division, abetted by gunfire and air force jets, overran Goa and the Portuguese enclaves of Diu and Damao in a naked act of aggression that forever tarnished Nehru...
Actually, many Goans were cool to the idea of union. Goa was in far better economic condition than India, and was developing huge and profitable iron and manganese deposits in north Goa. Goan businessmen were more fearful of India's confiscatory taxes and stifling bureaucracy than they were of the petty restrictions of the Portuguese colonial authorities. Union would also end Goa's virtually duty-free status and the sight of peasant women buying Chanel No. 5 and field hands carrying transistor radios. Goan Christians, who account for 40% of Goa's 700,000 population, wondered about...
...Indian troops spread out over Goa, Portugal's Governor General Vassalo e Silva made one last show of bravado, announced: "We will fight to the end." But Silva's ill-equipped, 3,000-man army, which Nehru had said was "massing menacingly," had other ideas. Only real show of Portuguese resistance was put up by the 1,783-ton sloop Afonso de Albuquerque. Steaming out of Marmagão harbor, the little frigate exchanged fire with an Indian cruiser and two destroyers for 45 minutes. Her captain badly wounded, the crippled ship was finally beached. Less than...