Word: gomulkaism
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...There are still 22 Russian divisions in East Germany; certainly some could be called back, but to withdraw all of them suddenly would probably cause the regime of Walter Ulbricht to collapse. Poland still has three Soviet divisions, but the Russians remain unobtrusive, and Polish Party Boss Wladyslaw Gomulka paranoically fears that a Russian pullback would encourage German encroachment on the Oder-Neisse line. Only Hungary's Janos Kadar could profit from the removal of the four or five Russian divisions still in his country: they serve as a constant reminder of Moscow's brutal role in repressing...
...grand coalition" with the opposition Social Democrats to promote a daring new policy for the reunification of Germany. Lyndon Johnson approves, takes the occasion of a visit to Berlin in 1967 to offer a U.S. guarantee of Poland's Oder-Neisse border to win over the Poles. Wladyslaw Gomulka, nervous at first, finally accepts an invitation to go to Washington. In February 1968, Erhard proposes to East Germany's Walter Ulbricht that joint plans be drafted for the formation of a German confederation, no longer insisting on free all-German elections or the tearing down of the Communist...
...ordered to report en masse for vehicle examination. Trains to Czestochowa did not arrive at stations, and prospective passengers were brusquely told, "There are no more tickets left." Buses and cars were stopped for endless roadside identity checks, detours and delays. Yet, despite the obstacles thrown up by Wladyslaw Gomulka's Communist regime, some 300,000 devout Poles last week came by bus, car, train, horseback, buggy, bicycle or foot to the Jasna Gora monastery, the nation's most sacred shrine, which stands on a high hill overlooking Czestochowa. On May 3, the traditional Polish national holiday...
...celebrations had an additional significance because Wyszynski chose to emphasize a theme for which he and his bishops have been attacked by Gomulka's regime: the need for Poles to forgive neighboring Germany for its World War II crimes and forget the historic enmities that divide the two peoples. "We stand on Calvary," preached Wyszynski in the moonlight, "and hear Christ's words of forgiveness for those who crucified him. From Jasna Gora, we the Polish bishops, and God's representatives, we also forgive." "We forgive," the crowd thundered back, and the fields echoed with applause...
...forbidden to come to Czestochowa by Gomulka but nevertheless celebrated his own private millennial Mass in a small chapel among the grottoes of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, before a replica of Czestochowa's renowned Black Madonna...