Word: gradinger
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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Sandel is certainly not alone in predetermininga target grading scale. For example, BakerProfessor of Economics Martin S. Feldstein '61follows a similar scheme in Social Analysis 10,which followed Justice last semester as the secondmost popular course.
Justice's grade distribution is part of a morecomplex system of evaluation that has evolved overthe years to ensure fair grading to the increasingnumber of students, Sandel and teaching fellowssay.
For the nearly 1000 papers that are submittedtwice during the semester, grading is a three-partprocess, which begins when all the TFs meet todiscuss standard papers.
The TFs then pair off into "grading buddies" toexchange papers and compare grades before the headTF checks the distribution for each section.
Muirhead says that by the second stage, mostTFs are grading according to the same standard.But if one section's distribution is significantlyskewed, he or she reads several papers anddiscusses them with the section leader.