Word: grahame
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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First Correlation. Not until 1949 did an earnest young researcher, Ernest Wynder, then a medical student at Washington University under Surgeon Graham, supply statistical evidence: among 200 victims of lung cancer, 95.5% were men with long histories of cigarette smoking. Other researchers began to check their files on lung cancer patients and found the same thing. In Britain a massive study pointed even more sharply to the same conclusion (TIME, Dec. 22). In Denmark cancer experts who had once pooh-poohed the idea gathered more data and reversed themselves...
Working with Research Assistant Adele B. Croninger, Drs. Graham and Wynder obtained tar from a machine which "smokes" thousands of cigarettes, then painted the tar on the backs of mice. It produced scores of cancers. While these skin cancers are not identical with lung cancer in man, they are so similar that the researchers are confident that human lung tissue reacts the same...
Said Dr. Ochsner: "This study of Drs. Graham and Wynder [published in Cancer Research, out this week] has proven beyond any doubt that in tobacco tar there is an agent which produces cancer. If we could find it and extract it, smoking might not be harmful. But, on the basis of the number of people who are smoking now, I predict that by 1970 one out of every two or three men with cancer will have cancer of the lung-or one out of every ten or twelve men living...
...Problem. Said Dr. Cornelius P. Rhoads. research director of Manhattan's Memorial Center for Cancer and Allied Diseases, after study of the Graham-Wynder findings: "The underlying medical question is settled. But as so often happens, we now have a new problem with social implications-how to organize and pay for the research which will show us how to remove the mouse-cancer agent from tobacco, or render it inert, and also to track down the many other factors which may be contributing to the increase in lung cancer...
...things are certain: there is more than one type of lung cancer in humans, and there is more than one cause. Says Dr. Graham:"There are different varieties which are due to different causes. However, by far the most common variety, which makes up approximately 95% of all lung cancer, is the one that seems to be due largely to cigarette smoking...