Word: grammars
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...grammar of Boulez' works is serialization. From the compositions of Schoenberg, Boulez took the technique of serializing notes (technically, "areas of pitch"). There are 12 notes in an octave; to oversimplify, the composer arranges the 12 notes in time, that is, selects a series, and builds an entire composition from this series. The series may be played forward in time, backward in time, upside down in pitch, and upside down and backward. By choosing this series, the composer organizes the votes of the entire composition...
Learning the grammar of Boulez' music is a first step to understanding his language. The grammar has a metaphysic: it will be rational. "One system is no better than another," Boulez says. "Our Occidental tradition is no better than the Oriental or Arabic. To me, every system is good if it is consistent. The composer has a theory, from which he composes works, and when the works are consistent and in agreement with the theory, it's a good system and everthing is in order...
...listening to music as thoroughly organized as, may, Le Marteau sans Maitre, one does not hear the grammar. Commenting in Die Reihe on another work of Boulez, Gyorgy Ligeti observes: "Seen at close quarters, it is the factor of determinism, regularity, that stands out; but seen from a distance, the structure, being the result of many separate regularities, is seen to be something variable and chancy, comparable to the way the network of neon lights flashes on and off in main street; the individual lamps are indeed exactly controlled by a mechanism, but as the separate lights flash...
...congressional debate on Federal aid to education, POAU believes that Catholic spokesmen will seek to gain public funds for all colleges and universities, then argue that since Catholic colleges are acceptable recipients, Catholic secondary and grammar schools should be also. Warned Archer: ''We will oppose...
...break down this life-blighting system, England is trying a new, U.S.-style solution: comprehensive schools that lump grammar, technical and secondary modern schools under one roof with as many as 2,154 students. England and Wales now have 132 comprehensive schools. London, the leader, has 62 serving 40% of the city's secondary school students, and will soon make nearly all of its grammar schools comprehensive...