Word: gruppo
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Shaky Church. In Dozza's pre-election pamphlet, What We Have Done, the word Communist appears only once in 63 pages. Dozza and his comrades are called the Gruppo Due Torri (the Two Towers Group), a reference to the pair of medieval leaning towers in the city's center which are the symbol of Bologna. Red election posters in the parks and piazzas are similarly bare of the hammer and sickle, and read: VOTA DUE TORRI...
...researchers who resemble the Atomic Energy Commission more than café-sitting artists. Germany boasts a group called Zero, begun in 1959 by three artists who hold Ph.D. degrees; they call for "new idealism" as opposed to the "new realism" of pop. The Italians have two op groups, the Gruppo N in Padua and the Gruppo T in Milan, which hopes to "codify visual phenomena, just as music was codified into notes...
Dating from 1959, Gruppo N numbers five young artists more adept with pliers and power drills than brushes who meet for seminars once a week. Says N-Man Manfredo Massironi, 27, "We consider ourselves technicians, in the medieval sense, rather than artists." Going to the Nth degree, they use prisms and grids, often machine-driven, whose rippling moiré patterns look more vibrant through spotlighted darkness (at left, top). A similar splinter group is Spain's Equipo 57, who like others sign their work collectively (lower left). Their theory starts with "interactivity," in which any two planes...
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