Word: habsburgs
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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What is certain to prevail is the intractable conflict that has riven Yugoslavia's two major nationalities since the country was established. The Serbs, who threw off Turkish rule in the 19th century, are Christian Orthodox; the Croatians, who were subjugated by the Habsburg Empire, are Catholics. Their mutual hatred and distrust keep growing more virulent as nationalist ambitions seethe throughout Eastern Europe. Only the suzerainty of socialism imposed by Josip Broz Tito after World War II managed for a time to keep the rivalry in check...
While France and Britain developed centralized monarchies in the late Middle Ages, the German empire remained a crazy quilt of kingdoms, duchies, bishoprics, free cities and other flotsam. In the late 13th century, the imperial crown came into the hands of a Swiss family named Habsburg, but the Habsburgs' only real power and wealth came from their family possessions in Austria and Bohemia; the Germanic Holy Roman Empire, a concept that exercised a magic attraction in the Middle Ages, had about as much authority as the United Nations has today...
...last French invasion was the invasion of another idea: revolution. When Paris mobs overthrew King Louis-Philippe in 1848, radicals and nationalists all over Europe took heart. The Italians rose against their Habsburg overlords; and even in dormant Germany, crowds began marching through the streets of Berlin, Vienna, Dresden. The armies of Germany's princes eventually suppressed these demonstrations, but not before liberals organized a constituent assembly, which met in Frankfurt and drafted an all-German constitution. The legislators decided that they could put their ideas into practice only by offering the crown of a united Germany to King Frederick...
...members of the confederation still met in Frankfurt, and the Habsburg delegates still exerted unofficial leadership, but the young Prussian delegate determined that this must be changed. "Before very long," Bismarck wrote back to Berlin, 'we shall have to fight for our lives against Austria . . . because the progress of events in Germany has no other issue." Prussia's King William I appointed Bismarck Minister-President in 1862, and within four years, Bismarck was ready for a showdown with Austria. Prussia's chief of staff, Count Helmuth von Moltke, had revived the army of Frederick the Great, making it once again...
...group of early Russian avant-garde paintings owned by the late George Costakis was a disaster, with major figures like Alexander Rodchenko and Liubov Popova falling to levels 25% to 50% under the low estimates. The worst debacle was experienced last week by the Manhattan auction house of Habsburg, Feldman Inc., whose offering of Impressionist and modern works (estimate: $35 million to $47 million) sold only eleven of 78 items for a total of $1.8 million...