Word: heating
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...minutes, Egypt had only one small oil refinery left-in Alexandria, 175 miles away. The two Suez plants were virtually demolished. Fireballs from exploding oil tanks could be seen 25 miles away, their light turning the desert night into vivid day for a radius of five miles around, their heat felt half a mile away. Egypt, its economy already in ruins as a result of the June war, had been dealt a staggering blow...
Diving directly into the planet's dense, murky atmosphere, Russia's 2,427-lb. Venus 4 ejected an egg-shaped, instrument-crammed capsule. Although the mother ship was quickly incinerated by the frictional heat of its plunge, the capsule was insulated by an ablative coating that gradually burned off as it heated. At an altitude of 15.5 miles, when its velocity had been sufficiently slowed by Venusian "air" resistance, the capsule automatically deployed a parachute and began drifting slowly toward the surface. As it descended through the whirling gases, the capsule sniffed them, noted their composition, temperature...
...while it was still descending, leaving open the possibility that even higher temperatures exist at lower altitudes. (Data recorded by Mariner 2 in 1962 and by radiotelescope observations have indicated Venusian surface temperatures as high as 800° F.) In any event, there seems little doubt that extreme heat finally silenced the capsule, either by damaging its parachute and causing it to plunge to destruction or simply by frying its electronic components...
...motion of the atom ceases. To attain these temperatures, scientists use expansion engines that compress gases, cool them and allow them to expand again, then repeat the cycle until they liquefy and eventually solidify. As the gases approach absolute zero, a sophisticated magnetization process extracts their remaining reservoir of heat. Because there will always be slight thermal motion of the atomic particles, scientists will never actually achieve absolute zero. But last July, Naval Research Laboratory Physicist Arthur Spohr reported achieving a record low temperature by chilling helium to within a millionth of a degree of absolute zero...
...temperatures, scientists have already been able to reduce troublesome background noise caused by the random movement of atoms within metallic circuit components; the atoms are literally subdued by lower temperatures. Cryogenically cooled infra-red detectors used in astronomy, aerial mapping and antiaircraft missiles are many more times sensitive to heat than those operated at normal temperatures...