Word: hemoglobins
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...dealing with methemoglobinemia, in which poisoned red cells carry no oxygen, and other cells cannot deliver enough, to the tissues. Many chemicals can cause the condition, and Dr. Singley had no idea which was to blame. But the remedy is the same: methylene blue, given intravenously, restores hemoglobin to normal oxygen-bearing function. Dr. Singley tried it on both boys and they responded quickly, lost their weird bluish cast...
...cases like hers, the abnormal sickle cells pile up periodically, and many red cells break down, thus lower the hemoglobin-and hence the available oxygen in the blood. The victim feels fatigue, a racing heartbeat, shortness of breath and, as a result of clots which form during the crisis, often severe abdominal pain and aching joints. "Blood transfusions were routine with me," says Marclan. "Long cuts were made on my ankles so the doctors could insert needles into larger veins than they could find in my arms ... At times I would have convulsions, and there would be other times when...
...formed, speeds the formation of more of itself. This process is common in organic chemistry. Many molecules important to life are autocatalytic, and in the soupy ocean and suffocating atmosphere of the young earth their concentration would tend to increase. The porphyrins, for example, which are related to the hemoglobin of animal blood and the chlorophyll of green plants, are autocatalysts...
...that their blood can capture more oxygen from the thin air. A mountain Indian has about two quarts more blood than a sea-level person, and his red blood cells are bigger and more numerous. If he lives at three, miles altitude, he may have twice as much hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying substance, as an ordinary person. His heart, which is 20% bigger than normal, pumps an extra-large stream of extra-rich blood, keeping his hands forever warm, as Father Cobo so accurately noted...
...cause of sickle-cell anemia. Medical men had long known that this disease, common among African peoples (and their U.S. descendants), was inherited in some fashion, but that was all they knew. Pauling showed that the abnormal, short-lived, sickle-shaped red blood cells, characteristic of the disease, contained Hemoglobin S, a hitherto unknown form of hemoglobin that differs in molecular structure from the normal Hemoglobin A. More important, Pauling & Co. showed that a defective gene determined the production of this type of hemoglobin. If both parents had the defective gene, even without the overt disease, the chances that their...