Word: hemoglobins
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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Instead of finding novel ways of delivering EPO, for example, some researchers are hoping to harness modified versions of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying workhorse in red blood cells. Artificial blood has long been a dream of doctors who face perpetual blood shortages, and in recent years that dream is closer to becoming reality. One promising approach involves extracting hemoglobin from living cells and using it alone as an oxygen transport system. Unfortunately, naked hemoglobin is quickly broken down in the body. Housing the hemoglobin in an artificial cell, or modifying the hemoglobin so it remains stable, could solve this problem...
...Beyond hemoglobin, there are totally synthetic blood substitutes like perfluorocarbon (PFC), a cheap, inert molecule with an enormous capacity to carry oxygen. Those fluids behave like an additional reservoir of oxygen for the body to utilize during exercise. However, because PFC has a short half-life and is effective only when individuals breathe abnormally high concentrations of oxygen, it will probably remain a very difficult technology to abuse...
...Also known as the glycated hemoglobin test, A1C is a blood test that provides a record of your glucose levels over two to three months. Glucose in the blood attaches to hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that ferries oxygen, forming glycated hemoglobin. Because red blood cells circulate in the body for several months, levels of glycated hemoglobin are a good marker for average blood-glucose levels over time...
Diabetics still have to keep an eye on their glucose levels, and nowadays that means more than just the traditional glucose test that measures blood-sugar levels. The new gold standard is the A1C test, which measures levels of a substance in the blood called hemoglobin A1C. The A1C test tells you how well you've been controlling your glucose levels for the past three months. The FDA has approved several A1C monitors for home use; the ideal A1C number for diabetics is less than...
Watson turned grudgingly to work on the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus, and Crick went back to hemoglobin. But no mere lab director could keep them from talking about dna between themselves. And while their blunder the first time around had been dispiriting, it didn't discourage them. After all, they had no reputations to be tarnished. And if they had come to the wrong conclusions based on incomplete information and a dumb mistake, that was just an incentive to get better information and be more careful next time...