Word: herrnsteins
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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Which is a view that may just shed more darkness where obscurity is already the rule. While few scientists would argue that genes have nothing to do with IQ, fewer still are ready to conclude just how genes fit in. Specialists in the intelligence field complain that Herrnstein and Murray all but ignore what is known about brain development before and after birth. "When it comes to science, the book could have been written a hundred years ago," complains Harvard professor of education Howard Gardner. A pregnant mother's nutrition or drug abuse can have a crucial impact...
...disputed by anyone who has studied the scores. (The cumulative test results form a bell curve on a statistician's graph.) Everything from that point on is subject to challenge, including whether IQ tests are a valid measure of intelligence or even what intelligence is. Murray and Herrnstein side with those who believe IQ is real and reasonably measured by the available tests. Their truly inflammatory notions are in what follows. While they acknowledge that intelligence is shaped by both heredity and environment, they say heredity plays the larger role -- perhaps 60%, perhaps more -- and insist that it's almost...
...Herrnstein threw himself into the quagmire with a 1971 article in the Atlantic Monthly. He wrote that because economic status depends in good measure on IQ, which he believed was largely determined by genes, a true meritocracy, such as America sought to be, would develop a hereditary upper class, a notion the book elaborates into an emerging "cognitive elite." Before long, his classes at Harvard were being disrupted by student protesters...
...Since Herrnstein died in September, Murray is facing the new round of uproar alone. Not that he's sheepish. After Reaganites discovered his 1984 book Losing Ground, which said poverty programs actually worsened the problems of the poor, he became the sociologist liberals loved to hate. More recently he introduced himself into the debate on welfare reform by insisting that unwed motherhood, not joblessness, was the key problem. His solution was to get rid of welfare altogether. Murray says when he and his co-author started work on The Bell Curve, "((Herrnstein)) said to me, 'You know...
Maybe not. In this week's issue of the New Republic, which includes a Murray-Herrnstein article that summarizes their views, an accompanying roundup of their critics describes the theories of the two men as "indecent, philosophically shabby and politically ugly," and as "pseudoscientific racism." Racism? asks Murray. "I am absolutely baffled by the overwhelming tendency of people to say we are pushing the genetic explanation," he says. "We are staying smack dab in the middle of the scientific road regarding nature and nurture. For us to say that IQ is 60% heritable actually gives us more problems with people...