Word: hewed
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...impulses of his fellow Southerners. A softspoken, always courteous man, he preferred understatement. He put down Alabama's Governor George Wallace's 1963 defiance at the schoolhouse door as "a little man standing alone in his diminishing circle." Fittingly, his last column, an open letter to new HEW Secretary Robert Finch, was a low-key plea that the Federal Government not yield to Southern plans to perpetuate dual school systems for Negroes and whites. "The freedom of choice plan is, in fact, neither real freedom nor a choice," McGill wrote. "It is discrimination...
...Surgeon General reported in 1964 that "cigarette smoking contributes substantially to mortality." The Surgeon General, the U.S. Public Health Service and the Department of Health, Education and Welfare have brought out steadily stronger reports, including evidence that the average heavy smoker dies eight years sooner than the nonsmoker. HEW began distributing pamphlets to schools, warning of the dangers of smoking. Congress in 1965 ordered that cigarette packs must carry the warning "Caution: Cigarette Smoking May Be Hazardous to Your Health." Twenty months ago, the Federal Communications Commission ordered that the television and radio networks must donate "significant" time...
Systems Analysis. The HEW document joins the academic optimists who contend that the long-run benefits of better social calculation can be as immense as those of economic accounting. Already, the report says, tools are being developed for measuring such basic concerns as powerlessness, job satisfaction, freedom of expression, and even the obtuseness of bureaucrats. Eventually, these and other measures might make possible a hardheaded "systems analysis" of the efficacy of government programs...
Johnson got the weapon he wanted in the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The Act gave the secretary of HEW the awesome power of cutting off all Federal funds to school districts that did not "satisfactorily desegregate." The importance of the fund-cutting power became clear in the next four years. While court cases dragged on for months and forced only minimal concessions from Southern school districts, Johnson's HEW got quick results when it applied the financial pincers. By 1968, the mere threat of cutting funds was enough to convince eight previously-recalcitrant districts to desegregate...
...clarification came until after Nixon had installed Robert Finch as his new secretary of HEW. As Lieutenant Governor of California, Finch had opposed many of Ronald Reagan's conservative desegregation policies, and his appointment was a quiet relief to civil rights leaders and Congressional liberals. A much bigger relief came in late January, when Finch cut off Federal funds to five Southern districts that had "grossly ignored" Federal desegregation rulings...