Word: hitherto
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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Bush At War also reveals the CIA’s prominent (and hitherto secret) role in combating terrorism. The book begins by introducing CIA director George Tenet, who is desperate to figure out “when or where or by what method” bin Laden will attack the U.S. As many as three years before Sept. 11, Tenet recruited 30 Afghan agents (the Seniors) to trail bin Laden throughout Afghanistan. They succeeded, but lacked the legal authorization to take lethal action against him. After 9/11, agents deployed by Tenet’s CIA used $70 million (in cash...
...Rahim al-Nashiri was en route to Malaysia when he was recently nabbed in Yemen, and Yemeni national Syafullah, a senior al-Qaeda officer, is wanted for participating in the Bali bombings), which could lead to a significant escalation in violence in SE Asia and possibly to suicide attacks, hitherto almost unknown in the region. JI and al-Qaeda are also working hard to rebuild their network. When they do, they will refocus their efforts on large-scale strikes. The objective of al-Qaeda and its affiliates is to spread terrorism worldwide, and in the process spread U.S., Western...
...decade later, deep-diving submersibles scanning the midocean ridge near the Galapagos Islands stumbled on something totally unexpected: plumes of toxic water spewing from cracks in the sea floor. Huddled around these awful oases were entire ecosystems made up of hundreds of hitherto unknown species, ranging from bright red tube worms to ghost-white crabs and anemones...
Rather than admit failure, Jefferson devised a solution any spinning politician would recognize: he changed objectives. The expedition, he advised Congress, "has had all the success which could have been expected." Its goal, he said, was actually the understanding "of numerous tribes of Indians hitherto unknown," not to mention examining the trunkloads of specimens of plants and animals that Lewis and Clark had collected along...
...debt relief, African governments will commit themselves to standards of good governance and democracy through a system of peer review. Without upholding these core principles, donors and business will be loath to invest. Yet translating governance buzzwords into reality requires considerable institutional capacity and the sort of political will hitherto lacking in Africa. Business and civil society have a key role to play in holding leadership to these promises, often made abroad but seldom kept at home, though their relationship with African governments is typically too close or too contested...