Word: hitherto
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...hair and made it lie flat, all right, but Helmholz's Nob Hill clients waxed eloquent about tallow dripping down the backs of their necks. So Helmholz, 33, began experimenting with a small blowtorch and soon found it the perfect tool: "It is maneuverable, it singes places hitherto impossible to reach, and it is absolutely safe, as long as you always point the torch away from the skin...
...them single stranded. These had to be paired to form double-stranded DNA segments that had to be connected end to end in proper sequence to duplicate the bacterial gene. In the course of their work, Khorana and his colleagues built not only the basic gene but the hitherto elusive start and stop signals at either end. When the synthetic gene was inserted into an E. coli cell with the help of a carrier virus known as a bacteriophage, it performed perfectly...
...almost as old as history. During the Middle Ages, suspected heretics were racked, scourged and burned by representatives of the Inquisition in order to make them recant, while in this century Hitler's concentration camps and Stalin's Gulag Archipelago institutionalized torture and brutality on a scale hitherto unknown. The 1948 United Nations' Declaration of Human Rights condemning torture was one notable reaction of the world community to the excesses of the Third Reich. But torture did not stop. The French used it systematically during the eight-year Algerian War. The British relied on torture to gain...
...should we pull down the old one, and expose ourselves to all the inclemencies of the season?" But on May 15, at the suggestion of John Adams, the Congress recommended that the colonies form new governments "where no government sufficient to the exigencies of their affairs has been hitherto established." John Adams wrote at the end of the month: "The Middle Colonies have never tasted the bitter cup; they have never smarted, and are therefore a little cooler ... The proprietary governments are not only encumbered with a large body of Quakers, but are embarrassed by a proprietary interest; both together...
...among the Tartars, and of course the "Revolt of our American Colonies." Smith writes: "The rulers of Great Britain have, for more than a century past, amused the people with the imagination that they possess a great empire on the west side of the Atlantic. This empire, however, has hitherto existed in imagination only...