Word: hler
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...letter was buried deep in the Aug. 7, 1975, issue of the journal Nature. It described a method of producing huge quantities of very pure, very precise antibodies, the disease-fighting guided missiles of the immune system. The technique, said Authors César Milstein and Georges Köhler of the Medical Research Council Laboratory in Cambridge, England, "could be valuable for medical and industrial use," although Milstein worried about such conjecture being "immodest...
...years later that prediction has proved to be an enormous understatement. Monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized biomedical research and are becoming important weapons in treating and diagnosing disease. It therefore came as no surprise to the scientific community last week when Argentine-born Milstein, 57, and West German Köhler, 38, who is now at the Institute for Immunology in Basel, Switzerland, were given the 1984 Nobel Prize for Medicine. They shared the award with Niels Jerne, 72, founding director of the Basel institute and a pioneer thinker in immunology...
...achievement of Milstein and Köhler was to fuse a tumor cell with a cell that produced a specific antibody. They thus created a hybrid that not only manufactured the antibody but multiplied as rapidly as the cancer cell. The resulting culture served as a miniature factory, churning out the desired antibody. Because every cell in the culture is an identical descendant, or clone, of the original hybrid, the antibody is pure and therefore a precise instrument. Says Milstein: "It al lows you to discriminate one molecule from another." Monoclonal antibodies can home in on targets ranging from...
...technique builds on pioneering work with mice done five years ago by César Milstein and Georges Köhler in Britain. By injecting foreign substances into the animals, they stimulated the production of antibodies against the invaders. Then they removed the animals' spleens, a major site for antibody production, and mixed the organ's antibody-producing cells with cancer cells. The result: hybrid cells, dubbed hybridomas, that inherited from the spleen the ability to produce antibodies and from the malignant cells the ability to replicate themselves indefinitely. These hybridomas produce identical copies of themselves-clones...